Comparison of the myopia control effects of orthokeratology lens and peripheral defocus spectacles / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the effect of peripheral defocus spectacles and orthokeratology lenses on the control of axial length in children and adolescents with myopia.METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 71 cases(134 eyes)of children and adolescents with myopia who visited the Second Hospital of Longyan from June 2019 to June 2021 were selected. They were fitted with peripheral defocus spectacles for 12mo and then switched to orthokeratology lenses. The growth of axial length was observed at 3, 6, and 12mo after wearing peripheral defocus spectacles and orthokeratology lenses.RESULTS: The median axial length growth after wearing peripheral defocus spectacles and orthokeratology lenses for 12mo was 0.35 and 0.14mm, respectively. The axial growth at 3, 6, and 12mo after wearing orthokeratology lenses was lower than those after wearing peripheral defocus spectacles(P<0.001), and the growth rate of axial length was significantly reduced. The patients were divided into a rapid progression group(axial growth ≥0.4 mm, 29 cases, 54 eyes)and a non-rapid progression group(axial growth <0.4mm, 42 cases, 80 eyes)according to the axial growth of peripheral defocus spectacles for 12mo. The median axial growth after wearing peripheral defocus spectacles for 12mo in the two groups was 0.70 and 0.24mm, respectively, while the median axial growth after wearing orthokeratology lenses was 0.31 and 0.09mm, respectively. The growth rate was reduced by 56% and 63% respectively in the two groups after wearing orthokeratology lens. The axial growth of cases wearing orthokeratology lenses for 12mo in the non-rapid progression group was lower than that in the rapid progression group, and it did not change with age or diopter. There was no significant difference among different ages and different diopters in the rapid progression group(P>0.05). In the non-rapid progression group, axial growth of cases aged 7-12 years was higher than those aged 13-16 years(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference among different diopters(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Orthokeratology lens is more effective than peripheral defocus spectacles in controlling axial growth in children and adolescents with myopia, and the control effect of orthokeratology lens on rapid-progressing myopia is remarkable.

Effect of CKIP-1 on hepatocyte apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To explore the effect and underlying mechanism of casein kinase 2 interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) on hepatocyte apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods:Experimental study. An NAFLD cell model was established by inducing human hepatoma cell line, HepG 2 cells, with oleic acid (OA). Flag-CKIP-1 expression vector and shRNA-CKIP-1 were transfected into HepG 2 cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of CKIP-1 on the activity and apoptosis of NAFLD hepatocytes. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot. CKIP-1 knockout mice in C57BL/6 back-ground were fed with either standard or high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Apoptosis-related signal proteins in NAFLD hepatocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results:After CKIP-1 was transfected into HepG 2 cells, the degree of OA induced cell liposis was significantly reduced ( P<0.05). Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry showed that CKIP-1 reduced the apoptosis of steatotic hepatocytes. Overexpression of CKIP-1 could significantly inhibit the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and increase the expression of Bcl-2/Bax ( P<0.05). Knockdown of CKIP-1 could increase the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 ( P<0.05). CKIP-1 knockout could further increase the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in NAFLD mice ( P<0.01, P<0.05), and further decrease the expression of Bcl-2/Bax ( P<0.05). Conclusion:CKIP-1 inhibited the apoptosis of steatotic hepatocytes by up-regulating the expression of apoptosis inhibitor gene, Bcl-2/Bax, and affecting the proteases, caspase-3 and caspase-9.

NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in age-related macular degeneration / 中华实验眼科杂志

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of central vision loss among people aged 50 years and older, is one of the major eye diseases causing blindness in the world.Clinically, advanced AMD is divided into two types, non-exudative AMD with manifestation of geographic atrophy and exudative AMD with manifestation of choroidal neovascularization.The pathogenesis of AMD is complex, and the para-inflammation is recognized as an important risk factor.Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptors 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor and is expressed in several kings of cells, including retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, microglial cells, Müller glia cells and retinal vascular endothelial cells.Recent studies have suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in the pathophysiology of both non-exudative and exudative AMD.The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in AMD were reviewed in this article to provide guidance on future prevention and therapy of AMD.

Clinical efficacy of pancreaticoduodenectomy with TRIANGLE operation in the treatment of pancreatic head cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of pancreaticoduodenectomy with TRIANGLE operation in the treatment of pancreatic head cancer.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 51 patients with pancreatic head cancer who were admitted to the Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China from January 2017 to July 2018 were collected. There were 33 males and 18 females, aged from 42 to 74 years, with a median age of 56 years. Of the 51 patients, 24 cases undergoing standard pancreaticoduodenectomy, in which No.12, 13 and 17 lymph nodes were dissected, combined with transcatheter arterial infusion chemo-therapy (TAI) were allocated into the standard group, and 27 cases undergoing pancreaticoduo-denectomy with TRIANGLE operation, in which No.7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17 lymph nodes were dissected, combined with TAI were allocated into the TRIANGLE group, respectively. Observation indicators: (1) intraoperative conditions of the two groups; (2) postoperative conditions of the two groups; (3) follow-up and survival. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview once three months to detect tumor recurrence and metastasis and survival of patients up to July 2021 or the death of patient. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was analyzed using the rank sum test. Kaplan‐Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate and median survival time and draw survival curve. Log‐Rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Comparison of intraoperative conditions between the two groups. The operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, cases with intraoperative blood transfusion were (501±61)minutes, (563±278)mL, 4 in the standard group, versus (556±46)minutes, (489±234)mL, 6 in the TRIANGLE group, respectively. There was a significant difference in the operation time between the two groups ( t=3.62, P<0.05) but there was no significant difference in the volume of intraoperative blood loss or cases with intraoperative blood transfusion between the two groups ( t=1.03, χ2=0.25, P>0.05). (2) Comparison of postoperative conditions between the two groups. Of the 51 patients, 30 had 50 times of postoperative complications, including 18 times of grade Ⅰ complications of Clavien-Dindo classification, 29 times of grade Ⅱ complications of Clavien-Dindo classification, 2 times of grade Ⅲa complications of Clavien-Dindo classification, 1 time of grade Ⅲb complications of Clavien-Dindo classification, respectively. Cases with postoperative complications, cases with delayed gastric emptying, cases without or with pancreatic fistula as class A or class B, cases with biliary fistula, cases with bleeding, cases with diarrhea were 15, 4, 13, 7, 4, 4, 2, 2 in the standard group, versus 15, 6, 14, 10, 3, 4, 1, 3 in the TRIANGLE group, respectively. There was no significant difference in cases with postoperative complications, cases with delayed gastric emptying, cases with pancreatic fistula between the two groups ( χ2=0.16, 0.02, Z=-0.04, P>0.05) and there was no significant difference in cases with biliary fistula, cases with bleeding, cases with diarrhea between the two groups ( P>0.05). Cases with complications as Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ, grade Ⅲ were 10, 11, 2 in the standard group, versus 8, 18, 1 in the TRIANGLE group, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-0.67, P>0.05). The duration of postoperative hospital stay was (23±8)days in both of the standard group and the TRIANGLE group, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( t=0.31, P>0.05). (3) Follow-up and survival. All the 51 patients were followed-up for 6 to 54 months, with a median follow-up time of 17 months. The postoperative 1-year overall survival rate was 75.0% and 81.5% in the standard group and the TRIANGLE group, respectively. The postoperative 3-year overall survival rate was 12.5% and 22.2% in the standard group and the TRIANGLE group, respectively. The median postoperative survival time was 15.00 months (95% confidence interval as 12.63 to 17.37 months) and 21.00 months (95% confidence interval as 15.91 to 19.62 months) in the standard group and the TRIANGLE group, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival of patients between the two groups ( χ2=4.30, P<0.05). Cases with tumor recurrence during post-operative 1 year and 3 year were 9 and 20 in the standard group, versus 6 and 15 in the TRIANGLE group, respectively. There was no significant difference in cases with tumor recurrence during postoperative 1 year between the two groups ( P>0.05) and there was a significant difference in cases with tumor recurrence during postoperative 3 year between the two groups ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with standard pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy with TRIANGLE operation can prolong the median survival time of patients with pancreatic head cancer without increasing surgical related complications.

Efficacy of compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel in prevention of complications related to laryngeal mask airway insertion / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel in prevention of complications related to laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion.Methods:Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-60 yr, undergoing elective surgery with ventilation using LMA under general anesthesia, were divided into 3 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table method: paraffin oil group (group A), compound lidocaine cream group (group B), and compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel group (group C). The paraffin oil, compound lidocaine cream, and compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel were evenly applied on the front, shoulder and back of the LMA before inserting the LMA in A, B and C groups, respectively.The severity of sore throat, oropharyngeal mucositis score, hoarseness score and occurrence in each time period (0-1 h, >1-6 h, >6-24 h, > 24-48 h) were recorded at 1, 6, 24 and 48 h after removal of the laryngeal mask.The stress responses during removal of the LMA and occurrence of drug-related adverse reactions within 48 h after removal of LMA were recorded. Results:Twenty-nine cases in group A, 28 cases in group B and 27 cases in group C completed the trial.Compared with group A, the severity of sore throat at each time point after removal of the LMA and incidence of sore throat in each time period were significantly decreased, the oropharyngeal mucositis score at 6, 24 and 48 h after removal of the LMA and the incidence of oropharyngeal mucositis in the time period >1-48 h were decreased, and the incidence of drug-related adverse reactions was increased in group C ( P<0.05). Compared with group B, the severity of sore throat at 6 h after removal of the LMA and incidence of sore throat > 1-48 h after removal of the LMA were significantly decreased, the oropharyngeal mucositis score at 6, 24 and 48 h after removal of the LMA and incidence of oropharyngeal mucositis in the time period >1-48 h after LMA removal were reduced, and the incidence of drug-related adverse reactions was decreased in group C ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the hoarseness score and incidence of hoarseness after removal of the LMA and incidence of stress responses during removal of the LMA among the three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel has a certain efficacy in preventing complications related to LMA placement.

The current applicating state of neural network-based electroencephalogram diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease / 生物医学工程学杂志

The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is a general reflection of the neurophysiological activity of the brain, which has the advantages of being safe, efficient, real-time and dynamic. With the development and advancement of machine learning research, automatic diagnosis of Alzheimer's diseases based on deep learning is becoming a research hotspot. Started from feedforward neural networks, this paper compared and analysed the structural properties of neural network models such as recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks and deep belief networks and their performance in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It also discussed the possible challenges and research trends of this research in the future, expecting to provide a valuable reference for the clinical application of neural networks in the EEG diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Synthesis and biological activities of three-molecule conjugates with para-aminosalicylic acid as parent nucleus / 药学学报

Based on the idea of multi-target drug design, taking p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) as the parent nucleus, the unreported target molecules TM1 and TM2 were designed with PAS, isonicotinic acid and fluoroquinolone as three structural units conjugated by different linkers. Sixteen target molecules were synthesized by multi-step reaction, and their activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The results showed that the anti-tuberculosis activity of TM2a was stronger than those of the assayed fluoroquinolones, while TM1a was comparable to that of clinafloxacin, the most active compound of the positive control fluoroquinolones; TM1a showed the strongest inhibitory activity to all almost tested strains, TM1b and TM2a showed very strong inhibitory activity to most strains, and TM1h/2h had strong inhibitory activity to some strains; The inhibitory activities of TM1a/1h on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC14125 are much stronger than those of fluoroquinolones, which eminently deserves further study. The hemolysis test results showed that the highly active molecules TM1a and TM2a exhibited relative safety below the concentrations of 8 and 32 μg·mL-1, respectively. In this study, a new hybrid molecule of three molecular pharmacophores with PAS as the parent nucleus was synthesized for the first time, and some of which have highly strong antibacterial activity, which provides a new idea for the research and development of antibiotics.

Retrospective analysis of infliximab in the treatment of Kawasaki disease / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of infliximab (IFX) therapy for children with Kawasaki disease. Methods: Sixty-eight children with Kawasaki disease who received IFX therapy in Children's Hospital of Fudan University from January 2014 to April 2021 were enrolled. The indications for IFX administration, changes in laboratory parameters before and after IFX administration, response rate, drug adverse events and complications and outcomes of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) were retrospectively analyzed. Comparisons between groups were performed with unpaired Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test. Results: Among 68 children with Kawasaki disease, 52 (76%) were males and 16 (24%) were females. The age of onset was 2.1 (0.5, 3.8) years. IFX was administered to: (1) 35 children (51%) with persistent fever who did not respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or steroids, 28 of the 35 children (80%) developed CAA before IFX therapy; (2) 32 children (47%) with continuous progression of CAA; (3) 1 child with persistent arthritis. In all cases, IFX was administered as an additional treatment (the time from the onset of illness to IFX therapy was 21 (15, 30) days) which consisted of second line therapy in 20 (29%), third line therapy in 20 (29%), and fourth (or more) line therapy in 28 (41%). C-reactive protein (8 (4, 15) vs. 16 (8, 43) mg/L, Z=-3.38, P=0.001), serum amyloid protein A (17 (10, 42) vs. 88 (11, 327) mg/L, Z=-2.36, P=0.018) and the percentage of neutrophils (0.39±0.20 vs. 0.49±0.21, t=2.63, P=0.010) decreased significantly after IFX administration. Fourteen children (21%) did not respond to IFX and received additional therapies mainly including steroids and cyclophosphamide. There was no significant difference in gender, age at IFX administration, time from the onset of illness to IFX administration, the maximum coronary Z value before IFX administration, and the incidence of systemic aneurysms between IFX-sensitive group and IFX-resistant group (all P>0.05). Infections occurred in 11 cases (16%) after IFX administration, including respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, skin and oral infections. One case had Calmette-Guérin bacillus-related adverse reactions 2 months after IFX administration. All of these adverse events were cured successfully. One child died of CAA rupture, 6 children were lost to follow up, the remaining 61 children were followed up for 6 (4, 15) months. No CAA occurred in 7 children before and after IFX treatment, while CAA occurred in 54 children before IFX treatment. CAA regressed in 23 (43%) children at the last follow-up, and the diameter of coronary artery recovered to normal in 10 children. Conclusion: IFX is an effective and safe therapeutic choice for children with Kawasaki disease who are refractory to IVIG or steroids therapy or with continuous progression of CAA.

Analysis of quality control test results of medical electron linear accelerators in Guangxi Province 2017—2019 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To understand the level of quality control in medical linear accelerator in Guangxi, and to provide technical support for the health administrative department to make related standards. Methods To select medical linear accelerators in Guangxi by random sampling method. Results A total of 118 accelerators were checked in 2017—2019, the initial inspection pass rates of medical linear accelerators were 56.8% and re-inspect pass rate were 96.6%. Conclusion The quality control level of the radiology institutions needs to be improved. The health administrative department should strengthen routine management，it is necessary to implement quality control in medical linear accelerator.

The effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and ginsenoside Rg / 中国天然药物

Fufang Danshen preparation (FDP) is consisted of Salviae Miltiorrhizar Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen), Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Sanqi) and Borneolum Syntheticum (borneol). FDP is usually used to treat myocardial ischemia hypoxia, cerebral ischemia and alzheimer's disease, etc. In the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, borneol is usually used to promote the absorption and distribution of the bioactive components to proper organs, especially to the brain. The purpose of this study is investigating the effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of tanshinone IIA (TS IIA), salvianolic acid B (SAB) and ginsenoside Rg1 in FDP. Male healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given Danshen extracts, Sanqi extracts (Panax notoginsengsaponins) or simultaneously administered Danshenextracts, Sanqi extracts and borneol. Plasma and brain samples were collected at different points in time. The concentration of TS IIA, SAB and Rg1 was determined by UPLC-MS/MS method. The main pharmacokinetics parameters of plasma and brain tissue were calculated by using Phoenix WinNolin 6.1 software. In comparison with Danshen and Sanqi alone, there were significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of TS IIA, SAB and Rg1, and the brain distribution of SAB and TS IIA when Danshen, Sanqi and borneol were administrated together. Borneol statistically significant shortened t

Diagnostic Yield of Pneumococcal Antigen Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid for Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Meningitis Among Children in China

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of pneumococcal antigen detection indiagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis in children. Methods: Purulent meningitis wasdiagnosed according to European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases(ESCMID) guideline between July 2014 and June 2016. Along with a cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) culture, pneumococcal antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed,and further identification of pathogens was done with 16S rDNA-PCR and high-throughputsequencing. Results: CSF samples collected from 184 children (median age of 1.92 mo).CSF culture was used as the gold standard. 46 (25%) had positive results for culture and 10(5.4%) were pneumococci; 34 (18.5%) were pneumococcal antigen positive. The sensitivityand specificity of pneumococcal antigen detection were 100% (95% CI: 89.4%–100%) and86.2% (95% CI: 96.4%–99.9%), respectively. 92.3% (12/13) were confirmed by nucleic aciddetection to be pneumococci. Conclusions: Pneumococcal antigen detection in CSF hasadequate sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing pneumococcal meningitis.

Design and synthesis of selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists with increased phosphorylation rates

FTY720 and IMMH002, prodrugs for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P) agonists, show inadequate and inconsistent levels of phosphorylation in humans compared to that in rats. In this study, FTY720 or IMMH002 analogues (-) were designed and synthesized with modified head pieces to improve the biotransformation of the prodrugs to the active phosphorylated forms. Target compounds were synthesized a convergent route using the key and optically pure building block , which was first synthesized asymmetrically catalyzed amination. The phosphorylation rates of these analogues in rat or human blood were compared. The new methyl-substituted analogue compound showed higher phosphorylation rates in both rats and humans than the parent compound, whereas compound showed improvements in rats, but not in humans. In pharmacokinetics studies of rats, compounds and both had higher levels of phosphorylation than FTY720 and IMMH002. Thus, our study not only yielded new compounds with therapeutic potential, but also showed species differences between rats and humans in response to the structural modifications, which might be useful for predicting the biotransformation behavior and efficacy of this class of prodrugs in the clinic.

Intermuscular coupling based on wavelet packet-cross frequency coherence / 生物医学工程学杂志

Human motion control system has a high degree of nonlinear characteristics. Through quantitative evaluation of the nonlinear coupling strength between surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals, we can get the functional state of the muscles related to the movement, and then explore the mechanism of human motion control. In this paper, wavelet packet decomposition and : coherence analysis are combined to construct an intermuscular cross-frequency coupling analysis model based on wavelet packet- : coherence. In the elbow flexion and extension state with 30% maximum voluntary contraction force (MVC), sEMG signals of 20 healthy adults were collected. Firstly, the subband components were obtained based on wavelet packet decomposition, and then the : coherence of subband signals was calculated to analyze the coupling characteristics between muscles. The results show that the linear coupling strength (frequency ratio 1:1) of the cooperative and antagonistic pairs is higher than that of the nonlinear coupling (frequency ratio 1:2, 2:1 and 1:3, 3:1) under the elbow flexion motion of 30% MVC; the coupling strength decreases with the increase of frequency ratio for the intermuscular nonlinear coupling, and there is no significant difference between the frequency ratio : and : . The intermuscular coupling in beta and gamma bands is mainly reflected in the linear coupling (1:1), nonlinear coupling of low frequency ratio (1:2, 2:1) between synergetic pair and the linear coupling between antagonistic pairs. The results show that the wavelet packet- : coherence method can qualitatively describe the nonlinear coupling strength between muscles, which provides a theoretical reference for further revealing the mechanism of human motion control and the rehabilitation evaluation of patients with motor dysfunction.

Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate prevents radiation-induced damage in primary rat cardiac fibroblasts / 中国天然药物

This study investigated the effects of X-ray irradiation on primary rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and its potential mechanism, as well as whether sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) has protective effect on CFs and its possible mechanism. Our data demonstrated that X-rays inhibited cell growth and increased oxidative stress in CFs, and STS mitigated X-ray-induced injury. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay showed that X-rays increased the levels of secreted angiotensin II (Ang II) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). STS inhibited the X-ray-induced increases in Ang II and BNP release. Apoptosis and cell cycle of CFs were analyzed using flow cytometry. X-rays induced apoptosis in CFs, whereas STS inhibited apoptosis in CFs after X-ray irradiation. X-rays induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in CFs, which could be reversed by STS. X-rays increased the expression of phosphorylated-P38/P38, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-3 as well as decreased the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2)/ERK 1/2 and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX) in CFs, as shown by Western blotting. STS mitigated the X-ray radiation-induced expression changes of these proteins. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that STS may potentially be developed as a medical countermeasure to mitigate radiation-induced cardiac damage.

Advances in molecular, biochemical and immunological diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy / 中华临床感染病杂志

Tuberculous pleurisy (TP) is a common disease, especially in areas with high prevalence of tuberculosis. However, because of the lack of bacterial characteristics in pleural effusion, the detection sensitivity of traditional smear and culture method is low, and the pleural biopsy has certain risks; therefore, the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy is challenging. Due to the limitations of traditional detection methods, to find a fast, accurate and effective method for TP diagnosis is important. This article reviews the progress of molecular, biochemical and immunological methods for diagnosis of TP.

Study on the Quality Standard of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Stem and Leaves Dispensing Granules and Content Determination of 5 Active Ingredients / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To estab lish the quality standard of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum stem and leaves dispensing granules ， and to determine the contents of 5 active ingredients simultaneously. METHODS ： Chlorogenic acid ， isoorientin and isoorientin-2′-O-rhamnoside in T. hemsleyanum stem and leaves dispensing granules were identified by TLC. The total flavonoids of the 3 batches granules were determined by UV spectrophotometry （by isoorientin ）. The granule sizes ，moisture contents ， dissolvability，and content uniformity were determined. Using isoorientin as internal reference ，relative correction factors of other components were established. QAMS method was adopted to determine the contents of neochlorogenic acid ，chlorogenic acid ， orientin，isoorientin and isoorientin- 2′-O-rhamnoside，which were compared with the results of ESM method. RESULTS ：TLC spots of chlorogenic acid ，isoorientin and isoorientin- 2′-O-rhamnoside were clear and well-separated ，without interference from negative control. The linear range of isoorientin were 7.73-61.82 μ g/mL（r＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ，stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2％. The recoveries were 93.75％-97.85％（RSD＝1.41％，n＝6）. The average percentages that the 3 batches granules could not pass through sieve No. 1 - moisture contents were 4.63％，5.18％ and 4.03％（n＝3）. were dissolved within 5 min ，and content uniformity were 4.8％-5.0％. Which were all in line with the relevant provi-sions of granules in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia . The linear range of 5 ingredients were 2.325-93 μg/mL（r＝0.999 9），5.125-205 μg/mL（r＝0.999 9），1.150- 46 μg/mL（r＝0.999 3），2.625-105 μg/mL（r＝0.999 9），4.725-189 μg/mL（r＝0.999 9），respectively. RSD of precision ，stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3％. The recoveries were 99.78％-106.13％（RSD＝2.33％，n＝6），95.07％-103.32％ （RSD＝2.72％，n＝6），97.17％-105.43％（RSD＝2.98％，n＝6），95.52％-101.33％（RSD＝2.46％，n＝6），99.42％-105.56％ （RSD＝2.34％，n＝6）. Using isoorientin as internal reference ，relative correction factors of neochlorogenic acid ，chlorogenic acid ， isoorientin and isoorientin- 2′-O-rhamnoside were 0.731，0.805，0.821，0.590，respectively. The contents were 0.828-1.123， 2.379-3.118，0.281-0.880，1.039-1.393，2.121-3.209 mg/g by QAMS method ，while the contents were 0.803-1.099，2.345-3.085， 0.269-0.872，1.309-1.393，2.113-3.201 mg/g by ESM method ，there was no significant difference in the content determination results between QAMS and ESM method （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Established quality standard is simple and rapid ，and can be used for quality control of T. hemsleyanum stem and leaves dispensing granules. Established QAMS method is accurate and efficient，and it can be used for simultaneous determination of 5 active ingredients of T. hemsleyanum stem and levels dispensing granules.

The roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and novel antibiotics discovery / 药学学报

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection remains a major public health problem of global concern, largely due to antibiotics resistance, persistence and immune evasion. Sphingolipid bioactive molecules are involved in several important pathophysiological processes. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a key product of sphingolipid metabolism, and can play a role in two manners: autocrine and/or paracrine. Sphingosine-1-phosphate regulates T cells and a variety of antigen-presenting cells during M. tuberculosis infection, promotes antigen processing and expression in monocytes, is involved in the maturation of phagolysosome, regulates Ca2+ homeostasis, participates in the autophagy of macrophages, inhibits the survival and proliferation of M. tuberculosis within host cells, and effectively reduces the necrosis of the mouse lungs infected by M. tuberculosis. Injection of 20 nmol per mouse sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibited up to 47% of mycobacterial growth in the lung and spleen of mice infected by M. tuberculosis. In this paper, sphingosine-1-phosphate, its receptors and regulatory network were reviewed, and the specific mechanism of sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibiting the survival of M. tuberculosis-infected host cells was elaborated. This will provide novel insights into the new targets for tuberculosis prevention and treatment.

Values of Hematological Indicators in the Screening of α-Thalassemia in Fujian Area of China / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the genotypes and the hematological phenotypic characteristics of α-thalassemia in different areas of Fujian and to evaluate the values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hemoglobin (Hb), RBC distribution width/red blood cell (RDW/RBC) for screening α-thalassemia in this area.@*METHODS@#The Gap-PCR assay was applied for detecting 3 common deletional mutations of patients with α-thalassemia, and the reverse dot-blot (RDB) assay was adopted to detect the foci of 3 common non-deletional gene mutations.Then,the hematological parameters of individuals with α-thalassemia were analyzed. Finally, the optimal cut-off value in hematological indexes for screening α-thalassemia were determined by the ROC curve.@*RESULTS@#Altogether 16 types of gene mutations were found in 772 patients with α-thalassemia. Among them, the -SEA/αα deletion mutation was the most common which was observed in 521 cases(67.49%). Compared with the control group, the differences in MCV, MCH, and Hb were statistically significant between the patients of the same sex but no same type. In male groups, the RDW/RBC ratio was statistically significant in individuals of light type and HbH disease as compared with the healthy control group. But in female groups, the statistical different of RDW/RBC ratio was found between only HbH disease group and control group. MCV<81.25 fl, MCH<27.30 pg, Hb(male)<128.5 g/L, and Hb(female) <123.5 g/L, with the highest specificity and the highest sensitivity, were the best cut-off points for screening α-thalassemia in the laboratory.@*CONCLUSION@#Due to the difference of regional heterogeneity and hospital equipment environment, the different laboratories need to establish cut-off value for screening α-thalassemia suitable for its local region. In future, our laboratory can use MCV<81.25 fl, MCH<27.30 pg, Hb(male)<128.5 g/L, and Hb(female) <123.5 g/L for value for clinical screening, of α-thalassemia.

Analysis of multichannel intermuscular coupling characteristics during rehabilitation after stroke / 生物医学工程学杂志

To better analyze the problem of abnormal neuromuscular coupling related to motor dysfunction for stroke patients, the functional coupling of the multichannel electromyography (EMG) were studied and the difference between stroke patients and healthy subjects were further analyzed to explore the pathological mechanism of motor dysfunction after stroke. Firstly, the cross-frequency coherence (CFC) analysis and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were combined to construct a CFC-NMF model to study the linear coupling relationship in bands and the nonlinear coupling characteristics in different frequency ratios during elbow flexion and extension movement. Furthermore, the significant coherent area and sum of cross-frequency coherence were respectively calculated to quantitatively describe the intermuscular linear and nonlinear coupling characteristics. The results showed that the linear coupling relationship between multichannel muscles was different in frequency bands and the overall coupling was stronger in low frequency band. The linear coupling strength of the stroke patients was lower than that of the healthy subjects in different frequency bands especially in beta and gamma bands. For the nonlinear coupling, the intermuscular coupling strength of stroke patients in different frequency ratios was significantly lower than that of the healthy subjects, and the coupling strength in the frequency ratio 1∶2 was higher than that in the frequency ratio 1∶3. This method can provide a theoretical basis for exploring the intermuscular coupling mechanism of patients with motor dysfunction.

Effect of internal limiting membrane peeling and transplantation on vision-related quality of life in refractory macular hole / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective@#To observe the effect of internal limiting membrane peeling and transplantation on vision-related quality of life in refractory macular hole.@*Methods@#A retrospective clinical study. Thirty patients (30 eyes) with refractory macular hole diagnosed in Ophthalmology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to December 2016 were included in this study. There were 13 males (13 eyes) and 17 females (17 eyes), with the mean age of 57.3±6.9 years. There were 15 patients(15 eyes) with large macular diameter, 12 patients (12 eyes) with high myopia macular hole, and 3 patients (3 eyes) with secondary traumatic macular hole. The BCVA examination was performed using the Snellen visual acuity chart, which was converted into logMAR visual acuity. OCT was performed to measure the macular retinal thickness (CRT), base diameter and minimum diameter of macular hole. Then, the macular hole index(MHI) was calculated. The logMAR BCVA was 1.52±0.30, MHI was 0.51±0.19. The Chinese version of visual-related quality of life scale-25 (CVRQoL-25) was used to evaluate the vision-related quality of life of patients. The CVRQoL-25 score was 57.60±7.13. All patients underwent 23G vitrectomy combined with inner limited membrane peeling and autologous ILM transplantation. The follow-up was at least 3 months after surgery. The changes of BCVA, MHI, CRT and CVRQoL-25 score before and after surgery were comparatively analyzed. Paired t test was performed to compare the measurement data before and after surgery, and Spearman rank correlation analysis was used for the correlation analysis among the parameters.@*Results@#At 3 months after surgery, the hole closure was detected in 28 eyes (93.3%), not detected in 2 eyes (6.7%). The logMAR BCVA was 1.16±0.33, CRT was 161.00±15.26, and CVRQoL-25 scores was 70.83±9.77. Compared with before surgery, the BCVA (t=4.386, P=0.000) and CVRQoL-25 score (t=-5.991, P=0.000) after surgery were improved. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that CVRQoL-25 score was negatively correlated with preoperative and postoperative logMAR BCVA (r=−0.536, −0.796; P=0.002, 0.000); positively correlated with preoperative MHI (r=0.421, P=0.020) and postoperative CRT (r=0.589, P=0.001).@*Conclusion@#Internal limiting membrane peeling and transplantation for refractory macular hole can significantly improve the vision-related quality of life and visual acuity, while achieved a high hole closure rate (93.3%).